This second series of digits, called 'additive' or 'key,' was known to both the sender and receiver because it was printed on the pages of a 'one-time pad. After encoding the plain text with numeric code groups, the clerk would obscure the code groups by adding them, digit by digit, to a string of random digits. The CIA website describes how the codes in these communications, called The Venona Transcripts, came to be broken:Ī Soviet code clerk preparing a message first reduced its text into numeric code groups drawn from a codebook (a kind of dictionary in which the words and common phrases correspond to four-digit numbers). They had managed to decipher Soviet communications describing espionage activity. Much of the evidence against the individuals mentioned in this learning pack was gathered in secret by the US Authorities. Later on the Korean War became a major stand-off between the USSR and the West, and events such as the downing of Gary Powers' U2 spy-plane and the Cuban Missile Crisis would crystallise the Western view of the dangers of the Cold War. This and its Communist ideology attracted many Western intellectuals and left-wingers whose belief in socialist theory tended to focus on the theoretical benefits of the system, largely ignoring the terrors of the Stalin regime. The story of Western Espionage in the forties and fifties goes back to the position of the Soviet Union as an Allied nation during the Second World War.
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